ABSTRACT
Abstract Aims: This study aimed to analyze the intra- and inter-rater reliability in the assessment and classification of the longitudinal plantar arch of children from 6 to 10 years old in the eyes-open (EO) testing condition. Methods: A total of two-hundred and seventy-eight Brazilian children (556 feet), boys and girls, from 6 to 10 years of age participated in the study. The children's feet were examined on a baropodometric platform, and the Staheli index was used for calculating the plantar arch index. Footprint analyses were performed at two different times, with an interval of 7 to 10 days, by three physical therapists in a single testing condition, resulting in 3,336 footprints. To determine the reliability of the continuous measurements, the Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), Standard error of the mean (SEM), absolute value and percentage, and the Minimum Detectable Change (MDC) were calculated. To determine the reliability of the longitudinal arch classification, inter-rater reliability was evaluated by Weighted Fleiss Kappa Coefficient and the test-retest reliability was estimated by Weighted Cohen Kappa Coefficient. Results: Regarding inter-rater reliability, we observed values of ICC ranging from 0.79 to 0.96; thus, the results were classified as substantial to excellent reliability), being the lowest ICC values occur for line B, mainly in the first assessments. SEM ranges from 0.08 to 0.21 (percentage: 3.74 to 28.7), being the best, the lowest SEM values occur for Plantar Arch Index assessments and the MDC varies between 0.22 and 0.59. Regarding intra-rater reliability, the results indicated excellent reliability: values of ICC range from 0.92 to 0.99, being the lowest ICC values also occurs for line B analysis. SEM ranges from 0.03 to 0.20 (percentage: 2.32 to 26.6), being the lowest SEM values occur for Plantar Arch Index assessments and MDC varies between 0.09 and 0.54. Analyzing the inter-rater reliability for the longitudinal arch classifications, we observed values of Weighted Fleiss Kappa Coefficient ranging from 0.83 to 0.87, expressing almost perfect agreement among the raters before and after evaluations. The test-retest reliability of the longitudinal arch classification resulted in values of Weighted Cohen Kappa Coefficient ranging from 0.80 to 0.996, expressing substantial to almost perfect agreement intra-rater. Conclusion: The study showed high reliability in the clinical assessment of the longitudinal plantar arch index of children from 6 to 10 years of age indicating that the Staheli method is applicable to pressure platform assessments with intra- and inter-rate reliability.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Child Development , Child Health , Talipes Cavus , Reproducibility of Results , Correlation of DataABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The growth and development of children is a product of the interaction of biological and environmental factors. Dance practice can optimize various aspects of motor control, coordination and balance in childhood and adolescenceOBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to verify how the practice of classical ballet, at a professional level, can influence the plantar pressures and balance of children and adolescents, as well as to verify if subjects' vision and posture of the upper limbs can interfere in this resultMETHODS: Cross-sectional study performed with 111 girls aged 10 to 15 years who practice classical ballet (n = 56) and non-dancers (n = 55). Anthropometry (BMI), plantar pressures and postural stability (baropodometry platform) were assessed. Three different conditions: eyes open (EO), eyes closed (EC) and arms outstretched (AO) were observed. Data analysis performed by using group comparison and correlation testsRESULTS: Those who practiced classical ballet placed less weight onto the left forefoot, presented lower values of maximum pressure and plantar surface area in all the evaluated conditions and moved less in the stabilometry analysis. It also observed that ballet dancers were more influenced by vision and positioning of the upper limbs than the group of non-dancers. Length of time as a dancer influenced the results foundCONCLUSIONS: Girls who practice classical ballet have specific characteristics of plantar pressure and develop different postural control strategies when compared to typical girls of similar age, especially in the arms outstretch position
INTRODUÇÃO: O crescimento e o desenvolvimento de crianças é produto da interação de fatores biológicos e ambientais. A prática de dança pode otimizar vários aspectos do controle motor, da coordenação e do equilíbrio na infância e adolescênciaOBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar como a prática do balé clássico, em nível profissional, pode influenciar as pressões plantares e o controle postural de crianças e adolescentes, assim como verificar se a visão e a posição dos membros superiores pode interferir neste resultadoMÉTODO: Estudo transversal desenvolvido com 111 meninas com idades entre 10 e 15 anos praticantes (n = 56) e não praticantes (n = 55) de balé clássico. Foram avaliados os dados antropométricos (IMC), as pressões plantares e a estabilidade postural (baropodometria). Três diferentes condições: olhos abertos (OA), olhos fechados (OF) e braços abertos (BA) foram observadas. A análise de dados foi realizada por meio da comparação de grupos e testes de correlaçãoRESULTADOS: As praticantes de balé clássico realizaram menor descarga de peso em antepé E, apresentaram menores valores de pressão máxima e área de superfície plantar em todas as condições avaliadas e tiveram menores deslocamentos posturais. Observou-se ainda que as bailarinas foram mais influenciadas pela visão e posicionamento dos membros superiores do que o grupo das não praticantes de balé, e que o tempo de dança interferiu de forma a modificar os resultados encontradosCONCLUSÃO: Meninas que praticam balé classico têm características específicas de pressão plantar e desenvolvem diferentes estratégias de controle postural quando comparadas a meninas típicas da mesma idade, principalmente na posição de braços abertos